bharat ratna bharat ratna award winners list 

  

sr. no.	Name of the recipient	Awarded in	Their individuality
1	Shri Chakravarti Rajagopalachari	1954	Indian political leader, the first and the only governor-general of independent India.
2	Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	1954	Indian physicist, the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 (birth. Nov. 7, 1888, Trichinopoly [Tiruchirappalli], India; death. Nov. 21, 1970, Bengaluru),
3	Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	1954	Philosopher, scholar and statesman, president of India from 1962 to 1967
4	Dr. Bhagwan Das	1955	Independence activist, author
5	Shri Jawaharlal Nehru	1955	Independence activist, author, first prime minister of independent India (1947-64)
6	Dr. Mokshagundam Vivesvaraya	1955	Civil engineer, Diwan of Mysore
7	Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant	1957	Independence activist, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Home Minister
8	Dr. Dhonde Keshav Karve	1958	Also known as Maharishi Karve, Indian social reformer and educator
9	Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy	1961	Physician, Chief Minister of West Bengal
10	Shri Purushottam Das Tandon	1961	Independence activist, educator
11	Dr. Rajendra Prasad	1962	First president of the Republic of India (1950-62). A lawyer-turned-journalist, also president of the Indian National Congress
12	Dr. Pandurang Vaman Kane	1963	Indologist and Sanskrit scholar
13	Dr. Zakir Hussain	1963	Scholar, third President
14	Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri	1966	Posthumous Award: independence activist, third Prime Minister
15	Smt. Indira Gandhi	1971	Fourth Prime Minister
16	Shri Varahagiri Venkata Giri	1975	Trade unionist and fourth President
17	Shri Kumaraswamy Kamraj	1976	Posthumous Award: independence activist, Chief Minister of Madras State
18	Mother Teresa, (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu)	1980	Catholic nun, founder of the Missionaries of Charity
19	Shri Acharya Vinoba Bhave	1983	Posthumous Award: social reformer, independence activist
20	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan	1987	First non-citizen, independence activist
21	Shri Marudur Gopalan Ramachandran	1988	Posthumous Award: film actor, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
22	Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedakr	1990	Posthumous Award: architect of the Indian Constitution, politician, economist, and scholar
23	Dr. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela	1990	Second non-citizen and first non-Indian recipient, Leader of the Anti-Apartheid movement
24	Shri Morarji Ranchhodji Desai	1991	Independence activist, fifth Prime Minister
25	Shri Rajiv Gandhi	1991	Seventh Prime Minister
26	Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel	1991	Posthumous Award: independence activist, first Home Minister
27	Shri Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhai Tata	1992	Industrialist and philanthropist
28	Shri Maulana Abul Kalam Azad	1992	Posthumous Award: independence activist, first Minister of Education
29	Shri Satyajit Ray	1992	Filmmaker
30	Shri (Dr.) Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam	1997	Aeronautical engineer, eminent defence scientist, Dr. Kalam was India's eleventh president from 2002 to 2007
31	Smt. Aruna Asaf Ali	1997	Posthumous Award: independence activist
32	Shri Gulzari Lal Nanda	1997	Independence activist, second Prime Minister
33	Shri Chidambaram Subramaniam	1998	Chidambaram Subramaniam (birth: January 30, 1910 – death: November 7, 2000) He was an Indian statesman, Freedom fighter, state minister, central minister and governor.
34	Smt. Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi	1998	Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi (16 September 1916 – 11 December 2004), Also known as M.S., she was a renowned Carnatic vocalist.
35	Prof. Amartya Sen	1999	Distinguished economist and philosopher, awarded the Nobel Prize in 1998 for his seminal work in welfare economics
36	Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi	1999	Posthumous Award: independence activist, Chief Minister of Assam
37	Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan	1999	Posthumous Award: Indian political leader and theorist, leader of socio-political mass-movements in Gujarat and Bihar
38	Pandit Ravi Shankar	1999	Sitar player
39	Kumari Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar	2001	Legendary Indian playback singer; sang for more than 2,000 Indian films in a career spanning nearly six decades
40	Ustad Bismillah Khan	2001	(birth March 21, 1916, Bhirung Raut Ki Gali, in Dumraon, Bihar; death Aug. 21, 2006, Varanasi).
41	Pandit Bhimsen Joshi	2008	(birth. Feb. 14, 1922, Gadag, Dharwad, Karnataka), His full name is Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi.

                                                      

The History of Hockey  

                                  In the Beginning... The roots of hockey are buried deep in antiquity. Historical records show that a crude form of hockey was played in Egypt 4,000 years ago, and in Ethiopia around 1,000 BC. Various museums offer evidence that a form of the game was played by Romans and Greeks, and by the Aztec Indians in South America several centuries before Columbus landed in the New World. The modern game of hockey evolved in England in the mid-18th century, primarily around schools. The first Olympic Hockey Competition for men was held in London in 1908 with England, Ireland and Scotland competing separately. After having made its first appearance in the 1908 Games, hockey was subsequently dropped from the 1912 Stockholm Games, and reappeared in 1920 in Antwerp before being omitted again in Paris in 1924. The Paris organisers refused to include hockey on the basis that the sport had no International Federation. Hockey had made its first steps toward an International Federation when in 1909 the Hockey Association in England and the Belgium Hockey Association agreed to mutually recognise each other to regulate international hockey relations. The French Association followed soon after, but this was not considered sufficient. 

                                   

                                    The FIH is Born Hockey took its most important step forward in 1924 when the International Hockey Federation, the world governing body for the sport, was founded in Paris under the initiative of Frenchman, Paul Léautey. Mr. Léautey, who would become the first President of the FIH, was motivated to action following hockey's omission from the program of the 1924 Paris Games. Mr. Léautey called together representatives from seven National Federations to form the sport's international governing body, the Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon. The six founding members, which represented both men's and women's hockey in their countries, were Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland. 

                                      Women join in the Fun The women's game developed quickly in many countries and in 1927, the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was formed. The founding members were Australia, Denmark, England, Ireland, Scotland, South Africa, the United States and Wales. After celebrating their respective Golden Jubilees - the FIH in 1974 and the IFWHA in 1980 - the two organisations came together in 1982 to form the FIH. The growth of the International Hockey Federation from its early beginnings has been most impressive. Denmark joined in 1925, the Dutch men in 1926, Turkey in 1927, and in 1928 - the year of the Amsterdam Olympics -Germany, Poland, Portugal and India joined. India's addition marked the membership of the first non-European country. By 1964, there were already 50 countries affiliated with the FIH, as well as three Continental Associations - Africa, Pan America and Asia - and in 1974, there were 71 members. Today, the International Hockey Federation consists of five Continental Associations - Europe and Oceania have since joined - and 127 member associations. 

                                         Today and Beyond.... Today, the work of the International Hockey Federation is accomplished through the efforts of the FIH President and Honorary Secretary General, working together with an Executive Board, eight Committees, three Advisory Panels and the professional staff in its Lausanne headquarters.

                   History of Google
                  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article explores the history of Google, the most widely used web-based search engine.

Early history
                  1 Early history 1.1 Beginning 1.2 Late 1990s 1.3 2000s 2 Financing and initial public offering 3 Growth 3.1 2003 3.2 2004 3.3 2005 3.4 2006 3.5 Current growth 4 Name 5 Philanthropy 6 Acquisitions 6.1 Acquisition of Pyra Labs 6.2 Acquisition of YouTube 6.3 Acquisition of JotSpot 6.4 Acquisition of Trendalyzer and Adscape 7 Partnerships 7.1 New mobile top-level domain 8 Legal battles 8.1 Gonzales v. Google 8.2 Bedrock Computer Technologies, LLC vs. Google, Inc 9 UK tax avoidance investigation 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links
Google began in March 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Ph.D. students at Stanford University [2]

                 In search of a dissertation theme, Page had been considering—among other things—exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph. [3] His supervisor, Terry


                 Winograd, encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the best advice I ever got" [4] ) and Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, based on the consideration that the number and nature of such backlinks was valuable information for an analysis of that page (with the role of citations in academic publishing in mind). [3]
In his research project, nicknamed "BackRub", Page was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. [5] Brin was already a close friend, whom Page had first met in the summer of 1995—Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to show around the campus. [3] Both Brin and Page were working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was “to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library" and it was funded through the National Science Foundation, among other federal agencies.
                 
                   Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point. [3] To convert the backlink data that it gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm. [3] While analyzing BackRub's output—which, for a given URL, consisted of a list of backlinks ranked by importance—the pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing techniques (existing search engines at the time essentially ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page).

                    A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services (a subsidiary of Dow Jones) designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking. [10] The technology in RankDex would be patented [11] and used later when Li founded Baidu in China.
Late 1990s
                    Some Rough Statistics (from August 29th, 1996) Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes ...
                
                     Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. By early 1997, the BackRub page described the state as follows

                      BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on an Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks.-Larry Page pagecs.stanford.edu


                      Originally the search engine used the Stanford website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, Google, on September 4, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California.
The first patent filed under the name "Google Inc." was filed on August 31, 1999. This patent, filed by Siu-Leong Iu, Malcom Davis, Hui Luo, Yun-Ting Lin, Guillaume Mercier, and Kobad Bugwadia, is titled "Watermarking system and methodology for digital multimedia content" and is the earliest patent filing under the assignee name "Google Inc."

                        By the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages. [18] The home page was still marked "BETA", but an article in Salon.com already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like Hotbot or Excite.com, and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded portal sites (like Yahoo!, Excite.com, Lycos, Netscape's Netcenter, AOL.com, Go.com and MSN.com) which at that time, during the growing dot-com bubble, were seen as "the future of the Web", especially by stock market investors.
2000s
                         Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads. [17]
In March 1999, the company moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups. [19] After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003. [20] The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex, a number that is equal to 1 followed by a googol of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million. [21]

                          The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. [22] In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords. [2] The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed. [2] Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at $.05 per click. [2] This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing). [23][24][25] While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue. [2]
                            
                             Google's declared code of conduct is "Don't be evil", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their prospectus (aka "S-1") for their 2004 IPO, noting that "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if
Financing and initial public offering
                              The first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US$100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist. [27] On June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling $25 million was announced; [28] the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital. [27]
The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG.
Growth
2003
2004
                                  At its peak in early 2004, Google handled upwards of 84.7% of all search requests on the World Wide Web

               Global Indian Film Awards
Contents
Jury
trophy
Awards
                             GIFA Best Film GIFA Best Director GIFA Best Actor GIFA Best Actress GIFA Best Supporting Actor GIFA Best Supporting Actress GIFA Most Searched Male Actor on Internet GIFA Most Searched Female Actor on Internet GIFA Best Comedian

                              Global Indian Film Awards was an awards ceremony held between 2005 and 2007, conceptualized to acknowledge excellence in the Indian Film industry and honour artists in 23 categories across various genres, from acting to film making. It is held in a different country each year. 2005 in Dubai, Malaysia in 2006, and will be held in Chicago in 2013.
Global Indian Film Awards is produced by Global Events, Dubai. Directed by Popcorn India and Scripted by Foursome productions.
                                

                             The ceremony produced by Global Events, Dubai and is backed by Suniel Shetty, Chairman of Popcorn Entertainment. The jury members are: Jackie Shroff, Rati Agnihotri, Sajid Nadiadwala, Sandeep Chowta, Shyam Benegal, and Smita Thackeray. [1] (http://www.mygifa.com/jury.html)
Mathew Abel, Managing Director and Sameer Khan, Vice President of Global Events, Dubai, Suniel Shetty, Chairman and Jordy Patel Director of Popcorn Entertainment, Mumbai were present for the media briefings.
The GIFA trophy made out of 24 ct gold is based on the 5 elements of the universe. The trophy presented to each winner is produced by Citigold Corporation, Australia and certified by a leading global certification house for its purity.


External links
                                   GIFA Best Villain GIFA Best Music Director GIFA Best Lyrics GIFA Best Playback Singer Female GIFA Best Playback Singer Male GIFA Best Debut Director GIFA Best Debut Actor GIFA Best Debut Actress GIFA Award for Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema GIFA Best Story GIFA Best Screenplay GIFA Best Dialogues GIFA Best Cinematography GIFA Best Editing GIFA Best Background Music GIFA Best Art Director GIFA Best Action GIFA Best Actor critics (Male) GIFA Best Actress critics (Female)
Bollywood Cinema of India
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